University of North Florida
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Stuart Chalk, Ph.D.
Department of Chemistry
University of North Florida
Phone: 1-904-620-1938
Fax: 1-904-620-3535
Email: schalk@unf.edu
Website: @unf

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Surfactants, cationic

@ ChemSpider@ NIST@ PubChem

Citations 14

"Determination Of Surfactant Concentration Using Micellar Enhanced Fluorescence And Flow Injection Titration"
Talanta 2000 Volume 50, Issue 6 Pages 1283-1289
Charles A. Lucy and Josephine S. W. Tsang

Abstract: Flow injection titration was used for the determination of anionic, cationic, nonionic and zwitterionic surfactants. The procedure was based on the micellar-enhanced fluorescence of 1,8-anilino-naphthalene sulfonate (ANS). Samples were injected into a carrier stream of phosphate buffer and 1.0 mol 1 (-) (1) NaCl. The sample then passed through a mixing chamber which generated the exponential peak shape needed for the titration as well as diluted the sample in the carrier stream to control the pH and ionic strength of the sample. The peak width was linearly related to the logarithm of the surfactant concentration. The minimum detectable concentration was governed by the critical micelle concentration for anionic, zwitterionic and nonionic surfactants, but below the critical micelle concentration for cationic surfactants. The linear range extended for similar to 1.5 orders of magnitude. Reproducibility ranged from 12% at the lower end of the calibration range to 1.1% at higher concentrations. For SDS recoveries of 82-108% were achieved in matrices as concentrated as 1 mol 1 (- 1) in NaCl or Na2SO4.
Fluorescence Micelle Surfactant Titrations Gradient technique Mixing chamber Phase separator

"Flow Injection System For Determination Of Critical Micelle Concentrations Of Ionic And Nonionic Surfactants"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1988 Volume 209, Issue 1 Pages 111-121
Stephen H. Brooks, Alain Berthod, Barbara A. Kirsch and John G. Dorsey

Abstract: A practical technique is presented for the rapid, accurate determination of the critical micelle concentrations (CMCs) of ionic and nonionic surfactants. The precision, speed and instrumental simplicity of a flow-injection system are combined with a gradient chamber and flow-through conductance and absorbance detection to produce a system capable of determining the CMC of surfactant solutions in less than 30 min. The exponential response gradients from the resulting system are monitored by a chart recorder and simple manual calculations yield the CMC. The validity of the technique is verified by determination of the CMC values for both ionic (cetyltrimethylammonium bromide and chloride and sodium dodecyl sulfate) and nonionic (Brij-35, Brij-56, Brij-99, Triton X-100) surfactants. The proposed technique does not require the extensive solution preparation, repetitive measurements, complex instrumentation and data manipulation typical of other methods for determining CMCs.
Conductometry Gradient technique Micelle

"Indirect Atomic Absorption Spectrometric Determination Of Some Cationic Surfactants By Continuous Liquid/liquid Extraction With Tetrathiocyanatocobaltate"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1988 Volume 215, Issue 1 Pages 233-240
P. Martínez-Jiménez, M. Gallego and M. Valcárcel

Abstract: The method involves the extraction of the detergent/tetrathiocyanatocobaltate(II) ion-pair into 4-methyl-2-pentanone. The overall concentration of cationic surfactant can be determined indirectly by measuring the cobalt in the organic layer by a.a.s. The optimum conditions for determining dodecyltrimethylammonium and tetraheptylammonium bromide (0.4-9.0 µg mL-1) are described. The relative standard deviation is 1.2%. The method is selective and free from the interference of nonionic surfactants, and is applied to the determination of cationic surfactants added to water samples.
Spectrophotometry Sample preparation Extraction Indirect Tecator

"Spectrophotometric Method For The Determination Of Ionic Surfactants By Flow Injection Analysis With Acidic Dyes"
Anal. Chim. Acta 1991 Volume 246, Issue 2 Pages 333-339
Koichi Yamamoto, Shoji Motomizu

Abstract: Two systems are described for the determination of cationic and anionic surfactants, respectively. In the former system, the reagent stream (0.37 mL min-1) consists of 25 µM-bromocesol purple in 30 mM phosphate buffer (pH 8.1); a portion (200 µL) of the sample cationic surfactant (e.g., benzyldimethyltetradecylammonium chloride) solution is injected into a carrier stream (0.37 mL min-1) of water. After reaction in the reaction coil (200 cm x 0.5 mm), the resulting decrease in absorbance at 588 nm is measured and related to the surfactant concentration.; calibration graphs are rectilinear up to 50 µM. No interference was observed from ions commonly present in river water. In the second system, anionic surfactants are determined by a similar method, except that the carrier solution is replaced by 40 µM-benzylhexadecyldimethylammonium chloride; the method is based on reaction between the anionic surfactant (analyte) and the cationic surfactant in the carrier stream, which results in a depression of the decrease in absorbance at 588 nm.
River Spectrophotometry Buffer Interferences

"Determination Of Ionic Surfactants By Flow Injection Pseudo Titration"
Analyst 1988 Volume 113, Issue 1 Pages 117-119
Chris J. Dowle, Brian G. Cooksey, (the late) John M. Ottaway and W. C. Campbell

Abstract: The construction is described of two flow-through surfactant-selective electrodes based on internally PVC-coated graphite tubes. The PVC coating contains 0.1% of tetrabutylammonium dodecyl sulfate for the cationic surfactant-selective electrode or 0.1% of hexadecyltrimethylammonium pentane-1-sulfonate for the anionic surfactant-selective electrode. The electrodes were incorporated in a flow injection system (described) for the titrimetric determination of surfactants (cf. Stewart and Rosenfield, Anal. Chem., 1982, 54, 2638). Optimum conditions were a flow rate of 0.9 mL min-1, a 70 µL injection volume and 1 µM-titrant (Na dodecyl sulfate or Hyamine 1622) as carrier stream. The lifetimes of the electrodes are of the order of 2 to 4 weeks. The precision of the method could be improved by elimination of manual peak-width measurement and spurious cell potential variations.
Electrode Electrode Apparatus Optimization Titrations

"Automated Determination Of Cationic Surfactants By Flow Injection Analysis Based On Ion-pair Extraction"
Anal. Chem. 1980 Volume 52, Issue 13 Pages 2124-2127
Jiro Kawase

Abstract: An automated ion-pair extraction of cationic surfactants by flow injection analysis (FIA) is described. A more simplified and effective solvent extraction system has been constructed. Novel components include the pumping system, an effective segmentor for the immiscible phases, and a highly selective phase separator with a poiy(tetrafiuoroethy1ene) membrane. The effects of segmentor and separator, inner diameter and length of extraction coils, and methanol content in the aqueous reagent have been examined on the extractability and sample band broadening. The relative molar extractability of the surfactants was studled In terms of both the type and the alkyl group of each homologue. Equal molar response, and good reproducibility (within 1.5 % coefficient of variation automatically injected), and linear response were obtained with the six different types.
Water Sample preparation Ion pair extraction

"Spectrophotometric Determination Of Cationic And Anionic Surfactants With Anionic Dyes In The Presence Of Non-ionic Surfactants. 2. Development Of Batch And Flow Injection Methods"
Microchim. Acta 1992 Volume 106, Issue 1-2 Pages 67-74
Shoji Motomizu, Mitsuko Oshima and Yasuhiro Hosoi

Abstract: Organic onium ions could be determined by a flow injection, spectrophotometric method based on changes in the absorption spectra of the azo dye, propyl orange, in the presence of Triton X-100. Anionic surfactants were similarly determined using propyl orange and either tetradecyldimethylbenzylammonium or n-octadecyltrimethylammonium ion in the presence of Triton X-100 by measuring the absorbance at 485 nm. Organic onium ions could be determined between 0 and 30 µM by the batch method and 0 and 20 µM by the flow injection method. Determination ranges for anionic surfactants were 0 to 20 µM by the batch method and 0 to 50 µM by the flow injection method with a detection limit of 0.3 µM. The method was used to determine anionic surfactants in water samples with no interferences and fairly good recoveries. On the basis of the changes in absorption spectra of azo dyes on the addition of an organic onium ion, spectrophotometric methods for the determination of organic onium salts and anionic surfactants were developed, and applied to flow injection method. Propyl orange anion (I) was used for the determination of organic onium ions. Pairs of I and tetradecyldimethylbenzammonium ion or I and n- octadecyltrimethylammonium ion were used for the determination of anionic surfactants. The determination range of organic onium ions were (0-3) x 10^-5 M by a batch method and were (0-2) x 10^-5 M by a flow injection method. The determination ranges of anionic surfactants were (0-2) x 10^-5 M by the batch method, and were (0-5) x 10^-5 M by the flowinjection method, and the detection limit corresponding to S/N = 3 was 3 x 10^-7 M by the flow injection method. By the proposed flow injection method, anionic surfactants in water samples were determined.
Environmental Spectrophotometry Triton X Interferences Surfactant

"Flow Injection Fluorometric Determination Of Cationic Surfactants Using 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)-10-dodecylacridinium Bromide"
Anal. Lett. 1998 Volume 31, Issue 6 Pages 1071-1079
Takashi Masadome

Abstract: The anionic surfactant Na dodecylbenzenesulfonate (DBS) reacts with 3,6-bis(dimethylamino)-10-dodecylacridinium bromide (AO-10-D) to quench the fluorescence of AO-10-D. When a cationic surfactant is added to the mixed solution of AO-10-D and DBS, the fluorescence intensity increases with increasing concentration. of cationic surfactant because added cationic surfactant preferentially forms an ion associate with the DBS. The detection of increase in the fluorescence intensity was applied to the flow injection determination of a cationic surfactant. Cationic surfactants such as Zephiramine could be determined in the concentration. range from 1 x 10^-6 to 4 x 10^-5 mol/L by the proposed method. The sampling rate was ~10 samples h-1. The presence of Triton X 100, tetramethylammonium chloride, or tetraethylammonium chloride at concentrations. of 5, 25, or 25 times, respectively, in excess of that of the cationic surfactant did not interfere with the determination of the cationic surfactant.
Fluorescence Indirect Interferences

"FIA Of Cationic Surfactants Using Plasticized Poly(vinyl Chloride)-membrane Electrode"
Bunseki Kagaku 1991 Volume 40, Issue 1 Pages 1-6
Masadome, T.;Imato, T.;Ishibashi, N.

Abstract: An FIA system was proposed for determining cationic surfactants which incorporates an anion-exchange resin column, aqueous 50% methanol as mobile phase and a plasticized poly(vinyl chloride)-membrane electrode with phthalic acid 2-ethylhexyl ester as detector. The calibration graph was rectilinear from 0.5 to 10 µM-dodecyltrimethylammonium ion and the detection limit was 10 nM. Inorganic electrolytes and anionic and nonionic surfactants did not interfere. The method was applied in the determination of trace cationic surfactants in river water.
River Electrode Column Interferences Resin

"Gold Electrode Modified With A Self-assembled Monolayer Of Thiols As An Electrochemical Detector For Ionic Surfactants"
Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1993 Volume 41, Issue 9 Pages 1601-1603
Kawaguchi, T.;Yamauchi, Y.;Maeda, H.;Ohmori, H.

Abstract: An aqueous solution containing anionic or cationic surfactant was injected into a FIA system into a mobile phase of water or aqueous methanol containing 0.1 M KCl or 0.1 M NaCl and a 5 mM potassium ferricyanide marker. The surfactants were determined using a Au electrode modified with stearylthiol self-assembled mono-layer (prep. details given) with an applied potential of 0 V vs. Ag/AgCl. Responses were enhanced with cationic surfactants but decreased by anionic surfactants. Calibration graphs were linear for peak area vs. concentration when a mobile phase of aqueous 5% methanol containing 0.1 M NaCl and 5 mM potassium ferricyanide was used; detection limits were dependent on the alkyl-chain length of the surfactants.
Electrode Electrode Self assembled monolayer

"Flow Injection Determination Of Surfactants"
J. Flow Injection Anal. 1996 Volume 13, Issue 2 Pages 120-136
Masadome, T.;Imato, T.

Abstract: A review is presented, covering literature published over the period 1985-1995, of anionic, cationic and nonionic surfactants by FIA coupled with colorimetric, fluorimetric, AAS, MS and chemiluminescence detection as well as an electrochemical method, with a discussion on the required instrumentation as well. (58 references).
Fluorescence Mass spectrometry Chemiluminescence Spectrophotometry Review

"Self-assembled Monolayer Gold Electrode For Surfactant Analysis"
J. Solid State Electrochem. 1997 Volume 1, Issue 2 Pages 155-160
Marc Gerlache, Zühre Senturk, Guy Quarin, Jean-Michel Kauffmann

Abstract: A gold electrode coated with a self-assembled monolayer of octane-thiol (SAM/Au) has been used as an amperometric detector for the determination of surfactants. This detector operated in the presence of a high percentage of organic solvent and was adapted to an HPLC System. At the SBM/Au, the electrochemical response of an electroactive tracer (potassium ferricyanide) was completely inhibited, but, in the presence of a cationic surfactant, the electrochemical reduction was progressively restored. In flow injection analysis, using the SAM/Au in an amperometric flow-through detector polarised at 0.0 V vs Ag/AgCl, a linear response (i=f ) was observed for cationic surfactants e.g. cetylpyridinium chloride in the concentration range 2 x 10^-6-1 x 10^-3 M. The electrochemical data along with the determination of the ion pair stoichiometry between the redox tracer and the surfactant suggest an electrochemical response related to ion pair formation and governed by electron transfer by tunneling effect. 48 References
Amperometry Electrode Detector Self assembled monolayer

"Flow Injection Ionometric Determination Of Cationic Surfactants"
Zavod. Lab. 1998 Volume 64, Issue 7 Pages 3-7
Gur'ev, I.A.;Zyuzina, L.F.;Shabarin, A.A.

Abstract: An ionometric flow injection method for determination of cationic surfactants in technol. solutions is described. Liq. lauryl sulfate electrode based on a nitrobenzene solution of tetrabutylammonium lauryl sulfate is used as an indicator electrode.
Electrode Apparatus Detector

"Application Of Sequential Injection Analysis To The Determination Of Cationic Surfactants Based On The Sensitized Molybdenum-Bromopyrogallol Red Reaction"
Anal. Sci. 2005 Volume 21, Issue 12 Pages 1509-1514
Marieta L. C. Passos, M. Lúcia M. F. S. Saraiva And José L. F. C. Lima

Abstract: The aim of this work was to develop a simple, automatic system for the evaluation of cationic surfactants by combining sequential injection analysis and the sensitized effect of cationic surfactants on the reaction between metal ions and chelating dyes. This reaction is based on the increase in absorbance of the complex formed among molybdenum, bromopyrogallol red and increasing concentrations of cationic surfactants. Under optimum conditions, two calibration plots were obtained for a concentration range between 2.50 x 10^-7 mol L-1 (detection limit) and 5.00 x 10^-4 mol L-1 of cetylpyridinium chloride, used as standard. Solubilization of water insoluble complexes formed for concentrations of cationic surfactants greater than 1.00 x 10^-4 mol L-1 were successfully achieved with Triton X-405. RSD values lower than 5.0% were obtained in all cases. The quality of the results obtained for 18 water samples were evaluated by comparison with conventional methods, with no statistically significant differences for a 95% confidence level.
Environmental Spectrophotometry Triton X Method comparison Optimization Sequential injection